The objective of the study is to analyse how EU climate action and defence policy interact in the context of Russia’s aggression, by identifying synergies, trade-offs and risks. It aims to: • assess how the defence sector can contribute to EU climate goals (mitigation, resilience, nature restoration and dual-use clean technologies), • examine how climate policies can contribute to and impact on defence capabilities and readiness, the defence industry, build public resilience against hybrid threats, and budgetary priorities. The study is intended to provide evidence for aligning rearmament and defence readiness with EU climate neutrality and resilience objectives and aligning the design of climate policies with defence needs.